SLEEP DISORDERS

Objectives To gain an understanding of: • What is sleep? • Stages of sleep • NREM (non-REM) and REM (rapid eye movements) sleep • The concept of RAS (reticular activating system) • Identified systems within RAS • Homeostatic drive and circadian rhythms • What makes you “fall” asleep?

This presentation was a part of the HeadTalks stage at the 2016 AAN Annual Meeting in Vancouver, BA presented by Alon Y. Avidan MD, MPH, FAAN on April 17, 2016. Visit the American Academy of Neurology at https://www.aan.com Connect with the AAN Facebook: http://bit.ly/2feMxW4 Twitter: https://bit.ly/1orvPet Instagram: http://bit.ly/2eVgsz4 LinkedIn: http://bit.ly/22mKzkM

Why do we need sleep and what happens in the brain and body when our internal clock goes wrong? In this discussion, three leading circadian rhythm researchers explore the science behind sleep, hormones, and the body clock. Neuroscientist Stafford Lightman explains why stress hormones like cortisol pulse throughout the day rather than staying constant, and what happens to our emotional responses when that rhythm is disrupted. Debra Skene reveals how melatonin, the "darkness hormone," can be used to diagnose circadian disorders, and what happens when the body clock desynchronizes completely, as in some blind individuals. Russell Foster explains how the eye evolved a completely separate light-detection system, distinct from the rods and cones we use for vision, that regulates our internal clock, and why this discovery is transforming how doctors treat blindness. Together they explore jet lag, shift work, teenage sleep patterns, aging, and the links between disrupted sleep and conditions like depression and schizophrenia. Cognitive neuroscientist Vincent Walsh chairs the discussion. Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe -------------- This event was supported by the British Psychological Society and the Society for Endocrinology. Russell Foster is Professor of Circadian Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. Buy his book "The Rhythms Of Life": https://geni.us/N1AjGJx Debra Skene is Professor of Neuroendocrinology at the University of Surrey, leading the research group 'Sleep, Chronobiology and Addiction.' Stafford Lightman is Professor of Medicine at Bristol University, researching neuroendocrine rhythms and stress-related disease. ---------------- Chapters: 0:00 Introduction – why sleep matters to everyone 3:37 Stafford Lightman: The body clock and stress hormones 6:07 Why cortisol pulses instead of staying constant 8:14 The "shower dial" analogy: why hormone systems oscillate 10:34 What happens without a normal cortisol rhythm 11:31 Brain scans: emotional response to flat vs. pulsing hormones 12:19 How cortisol itself can disrupt the body clock 13:52 Cortisol, poor sleep, and aging 17:29 Debra Skene: Melatonin, the "darkness hormone" 19:34 How the biological clock controls melatonin release 20:24 Using melatonin to diagnose circadian disorders 23:16 What happens to the clock in blind individuals 26:52 Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder 28:52 Jet lag and shift work 30:03 Why teenagers and older adults sleep differently 31:12 Treating circadian disorders with light and melatonin 33:38 Russell Foster: Why we spend a third of our lives asleep 35:03 What sleep actually does for the brain and body 36:36 Sleep pressure vs. the biological clock 38:52 The molecular clock inside every cell 41:16 Shift work, health risks, and disrupted sleep 42:59 Sleep disruption and mental illness 45:05 The eye's second job: sensing light, not just seeing 46:41 The mouse experiments that found a hidden light sensor 49:01 Discovering photosensitive retinal ganglion cells 49:36 Rethinking blindness: treatment implications 51:45 Conclusion Our editorial policy: http://www.rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter Product links on this page may be affiliate links which means it won't cost you any extra but we may earn a small commission if you decide to purchase through the link. #SleepScience, #MelatoninEffects, #NeuralPathways, #SleepResearch, #HealthySleepHabits

UCLA neurologist Alon Avidan, MD, discusses common sleep disorders, including insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs, circadian rhythm disorders, narcolepsy, and parasomnia. He also explores the consequences of poor sleep and ways to help you achieve a healthy night’s sleep. Watch more webinars at https://www.uclahealth.org/uclamdchat